Chickens may be infected with parasitic, viral and bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the fauna, prevalence and severity of internal and external parasites of Chickens in Ilam. In this study, 60 chickens were necropsied. Internal organs, feather and leg skin chips were examined. Feather, leg skin chips, gastrointestinal tract and femur muscle was infected with parasites. The identification of Nematodes was possible after they were cleared in lactophenol and it was possible to identify the cestoda after schneider acetocarmine staining. Isolated parasites from the feather, feathers follicle and leg skin chips were prepared and then examined. To distinguish blood and mucosal parasites, 2 smears and 1cc blood was taken from wing vein.Femur muscle was examined by dob smear while cecum, small and large intestine were smeared and then all were stained with geimsa. A smear from the trachea, trachea bifurcate, and the end of large intestine was prepared and then stained with Ziehl-Neelsen method. Prevalence and fauna of cestoda include: Raillietina echinobothrida 26.6%, Raillietina tetragona 26.6%, Raillietina cesticillus 13.3%, Choanotaenia infundibulum16.6%, Cotugnia digonopora 5.8%.Nematoda, Acuaria spiralis3.3%, Cheilospirura hamulosa 1.6%, Ascaridia galli 30%, Heterakis gallinarum 16.6%, and external parasites: Menopongallinae 55%, Goniodes spp.18.3%, Lipeurus caponis 53.3% Menacanthus stramineus 58.3%, Goniocotes gallinae 81.6%, Cnemidocoptes mutans 23.3%, Grallobia spp.33.3%. In non fecal protozoa, 1case of an unknown sarcocyct zoite was collected from femur muscle.

Banberz, Banbor, and Sabziabad neighborhoods are three residential districts on the periphery of Ilam city, and are facing a lot of problems namely social, economic, and physical, particularly in housing sector including low quality, poor housing, limited-quantity housing. In order to assess the sustainability of housing, 75 indicators and to rank districts, SPSS software (exploratory factor analysis) is used. On the basis of economic, social, educational, health, and environmental services and culture three districts (Banbarz, Banboor, Sabziabad) were selected as marginal neighborhood. Most houses, have been built away from without permission and building permits and engineering control in small scale measures. According to statistical models; most of household economic statuses are below the poverty line. According to the findings of the questionnaire, fabric and physical feature, type of building, materials applied, quality of building and density of residential units of most units out of any control and without engineering standards in small-scale piece of land, were built without a permit and building permit. Given the statistical models, the economic status of households indicate that more than 70 percent of them live below the poverty line.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Introduction: High level of noise can be harmful for human mental and physical health. Therefore, it is important to study the noise pollution in cities. The aim of this study is to investigate the situation of noise pollution in Ilam, Iran. Materials and methods: 18 locations of Ilam city were selected to measure the noise level. The noise was measured in four different times including 9 AM, 12 PM, 6 PM and 9 PM in all week days. Then, the collected data was analyzed by standard statistical tests. Finally, the map of noise pollution for Ilam was prepared by ArcView GIS. Results: The results showed that the highest noise level was measured in the areas of Saadi market, Imam Khomeini street and nearby Mostafa Khomeini hospital. The highest noise pollution in Ilam was measured on Saturday and Tuesday (about 61 dB). The noise pollution was slightly reduced to 60 dB on Wednesday and Thursday. The noise pollution was sharply reduced to 55. 8 dB on Friday. Conclusions: The noise pollution in the most areas of Ilam, was more than the maximum permissible level. Therefore, this city needs to develop a plan for noise management.

Considering the role of women especially rural women in environment protection, recognizing the educational needs and related trainings for them is necessity. The purpose of this research was to investigating educational needs of Ilam rural women on environment protection. This quantitative and applied analytical research was conducted. The statistical population of this research included all rural women in Ilam Township (N=13400). Using proportionate stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran formula, 150 of them were selected as the sample. Research instrument to collect data was questionnaire that its content validity confirmed by an expert panel and convergent validity confirmed by calculating CR=0.87 and AVE=0.79. Ordinal theta (using R software), was calculated to measure reliability of the questionnaire (q=0.79 - 0.87). In order to determine educational needs, Bourich model was used. The results showed that rural women need training in all five components of environment protection, including protection of water, air, soil, maintaining species diversity of vegetative and animal and protecting forests and ranges. Comparison between two groups of rural women who participated and did not participate in related extension education courses using mann-whitney U, showed that there was significant difference between the two groups. Based on the findings of ordinal regression, two variables of education and use of radio and television had significant effect on the probability of indicating rural women’s educational needs.

Considering the role of women especially rural women in environment protection, recognizing the educational needs and related trainings for them is necessity. The purpose of this research was to investigating educational needs of Ilam rural women on environment protection. This quantitative and applied analytical research was conducted. The statistical population of this research included all rural women in Ilam Township (N=13400). Using proportionate stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran formula, 150 of them were selected as the sample. Research instrument to collect data was questionnaire that its content validity confirmed by an expert panel and convergent validity confirmed by calculating CR=0.87 and AVE=0.79. Ordinal theta (using R software), was calculated to measure reliability of the questionnaire (q=0.79 - 0.87). In order to determine educational needs, Bourich model was used. The results showed that rural women need training in all five components of environment protection, including protection of water, air, soil, maintaining species diversity of vegetative and animal and protecting forests and ranges. Comparison between two groups of rural women who participated and did not participate in related extension education courses using mann-whitney U, showed that there was significant difference between the two groups. Based on the findings of ordinal regression, two variables of education and use of radio and television had significant effect on the probability of indicating rural women’s educational needs.

Currently, most cities of Iran face geomorphologic constraints on their physical development. Ilam city has a mountainous plane surrounded by highlands. This is assumed to have caused problems and has stopped the physical development of the city. The aim of this research is to study the capabilities and limitations of the geomorphologic development of the city of Ilam. Furthermore, this study attempts to investigate the possible physical risks which have stopped the physical and geomorphologic development of the town. The research methods applied are descriptive- analytic method, library research, field study assisted by GIS and AHP using the EXPERT CHOIEC software which helped to produce and analysis the direction of development of the zoning map of the city of Ilam. The results shows that site selection of Ilam city in the past was not based of geomorphologic , geological and environmental factors which led to geomorphologic limitation such as slop, hillside process and fluvial, subsidence, erosion which in turn these factors led to the increase of cost and the possibility of natural hazards. Except for the land located in Northwest of Ilam city other directions are hazardous which might cause problems due to the increase of slope, location adytum fluvial and mass movement. These factors have appeared to be limiting the development of Ilam city.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The infill development, which is the main part of the smart urban growth pattern, includes practical strategies for preventing body developments of cities in undeveloped pieces of lands around the cities and vacant unused pieces of lands inside the urban areas. This approach can help the renewal of urban life (the agency of environment conservation, 1999: 2). Ilam city is one of the cities which has been developing in recent years because of the increase in population and in land uses in terms of the urban body. This city can use recyclable surfaces which have a good opportunity for solving lack of services and existing problems. To fulfill this goal, the conditions of Ilam city need to be clearly observed. In Ilam city, there is some tissue which is worth considering in relation to infill developments for instance in northern and central areas of Ilam city including the areas around Shohada Square, Khayyam Street, Saadi Street, Ferdowsi Street and Ayyatollah Heydari Street, poor tissue and unused land uses are more seen whereas in other parts of the city especially in Sothern parts, open spaces and vacant pieces of lands are more seen between land uses which can be investigated in this research. The horizontal development in Ilam city has recently been accelerating towards the surrounding pieces of lands while we can present strategies to control and organize the scattering of the city by scientific studies and using the urban planning. So, the main questions of the research are if there are any proper arenas for the infill developments in Ilam city, using what criteria and indexes, we can determine potential arenas for the infill developments in Ilam city and to what extent, determining proper arenas for the infill developments in Ilam city can influence developing and managing the poor inefficient tissue. In this study, we attempt to find good solutions for these questions considering the present rules and criteria. Methodology The method of the study is analytical-descriptive and it is an applied research. The data was gathered by the survey and from the libraries and the data of statistic population was gathered by interviews and questionnaires. The population includes the specialists and experts of urban management that 20 of them were chosen as the sample by Convenience Sampling Method and were asked to complete the questionnaires carefully. As the subject of the research is place-based, providing a thorough information bank about the places is highly required. In order to do this, after investigating, needs assessment and defining the criteria of the conceptual, logical and physical models, a database was made in the ArcCatalog application from the software package of ArcGIS 10. 2. Finally, the best place was identified by the comments of the experts, Expert Choice Software and the technique of the analytic hierarchy process. Results and Discussion Using the comments of the experts, theoretical foundations and literature review, the spatial-body criterion with the total weight of. 408, the functional-managerial criterion with the total weight of. 311 and the social-economic criterion with the total weight of. 281 were determined. Moreover, all of the sub-criteria were classified based on the present standards in theoretical foundations and according to them, the next analyses were done and combined maps were made. The combined maps of GIS and the analytic hierarchy process showed that there are very highly potential arenas for the infill developments. These arenas are mostly located in central parts of the city which are old areas and have attracted most of the urban services. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Ilam city has been horizontally developed in an irregular way, agricultural fields have been destroyed and environmental problems have been occurred since there is lack of accurate efficient planning in terms of land use and as a result the lack of proper use of existing capacities and potential of the city and not following the correct pattern of population distribution in the suburbs. Hence, this condition needs to be reviewed and the infill development can be good strategy for solving present urban issues. Conclusion The findings of GIS maps and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) indicate that: Among 162 hectares of land pieces in Ilam city which are poor, ruined and without any uses, just 13 hectares were highly suitable and 38 hectares were suitable for infill developments and the rest lack the criteria for the mentioned purpose. These results are the same as the research results of Bani Hashemi et al (2013), Poormoosavi et al (2013), Mirkatooli et al (2013) and Dadashpoor et al (2013) in terms of determining proper arenas for the infill developments. Concerning the criteria and indexes, the results are partly similar. But, in relation to the amount of importance of each index, the findings of the present study do not match the results of other researches and the amount of importance depends on the case study and present conditions and situations. Ilam city has been horizontally developed in an irregular way, agricultural fields have been destroyed and environmental problems have been occurred since there is lack of accurate efficient planning in terms of land use and as a result the lack of proper use of existing capacities and potential of the city and not following the correct pattern of population distribution in the suburbs. Hence, this condition needs to be reviewed and the infill development can be good strategy for solving present urban issues. The results of this question are also the same as the research results of Bani Hashemi et al. (2013), Poormoosavi et al. (2014), Mirkatooli et al. (2014) and Dadashpoor et al. (2014) concerning the amount of importance and the necessity of infill developments.

In this study, it is attempted to investigate the process of becoming a subject of Ilam women in the consumer society and the creation of feminine subjectivities in this society. The theoretical framework adopted to answer these questions is rooted in the views of Jean Baudrillard and Sigmund Baumann. The research method is qualitative and the case study approach is a tool, so that the theoretical framework defines and determines the research cases. Sampling was purposive and interviews were conducted with 20 women in both the homogenous and non-homogeneous populations of the consumer community of Ilam. According to the findings of this study, it can be said that the consumer society, by pushing the women of Ilam city to conform to the society, has made it possible for women to be alone and marginalized. Such a system seems to produce and create consumerist and homogenous subjects by suppressing inhumane and seductive women and simultaneously integrating them into a visible system.